总体功能的一个演示
import requestsresponse = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")print(type(response))print(response.status_code)print(type(response.text))print(response.text)print(response.cookies)print(response.content)print(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
我们可以看出response使用起来确实非常方便,这里有个问题需要注意一下:很多情况下的网站如果直接response.text会出现乱码的问题,所以这个使用response.content这样返回的数据格式其实是二进制格式,然后通过decode()转换为utf-8,这样就解决了通过response.text直接返回显示乱码的问题.
请求发出后,Requests 会基于 HTTP 头部对响应的编码作出有根据的推测。当你访问 response.text 之时,Requests 会使用其推测的文本编码。你可以找出 Requests 使用了什么编码,并且能够使用 response.encoding 属性来改变它.如:
import requestsresponse =requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")response.encoding="utf-8"print(response.text)
不管是通过response.content.decode("utf-8")的方式还是通过response.encoding="utf-8"的方式都可以避免乱码的问题发生
各种请求方式requests里提供个各种请求方式
import requestsrequests.post("http://httpbin.org/post")requests.put("http://httpbin.org/put")requests.delete("http://httpbin.org/delete")requests.head("http://httpbin.org/get")requests.options("http://httpbin.org/get")
请求基本GET请求
import requestsresponse = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get')print(response.text)
带参数的GET请求,例子1
import requestsresponse = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=zhaofan&age=23")print(response.text)
如果我们想要在URL查询字符串传递数据,通常我们会通过httpbin.org/get?key=val方式传递。Requests模块允许使用params关键字传递参数,以一个字典来传递这些参数,例子如下:
import requestsdata = { "name":"zhaofan", "age":22}response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=data)print(response.url) # http://httpbin.org/get?name=zhaofan&age=22print(response.text)
上述两种的结果是相同的,通过params参数传递一个字典内容,从而直接构造url注意:第二种方式通过字典的方式的时候,如果字典中的参数为None则不会添加到url上
解析json
import requestsimport jsonresponse = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")print(type(response.text))print(response.json()) # 方法1print(json.loads(response.text)) # 方法2print(type(response.json()))
从结果可以看出requests里面集成的json其实就是执行了json.loads()方法,两者的结果是一样的
获取二进制数据在上面提到了response.content,这样获取的数据是二进制数据,同样的这个方法也可以用于下载图片以及视频资源
添加headers和前面我们将urllib模块的时候一样,我们同样可以定制headers的信息,如当我们直接通过requests请求知乎网站的时候,默认是无法访问的
import requestsresponse =requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com")print(response.text) # 访问被拒绝了
添加用户管理
import requestsheaders = { "User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_4) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36"}response =requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com",headers=headers)print(response.text) # 成功访问
基本POST请求通过在发送post请求时添加一个data参数,这个data参数可以通过字典构造成,这样对于发送post请求就非常方便
import requestsdata = { "name":"zhaofan", "age":23}response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",data=data)print(response.text)
同样的在发送post请求的时候也可以和发送get请求一样通过headers参数传递一个字典类型的数据
响应我们可以通过response获得很多属性,例子如下
import requestsresponse = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)print(type(response.headers),response.headers)print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)print(type(response.url),response.url)print(type(response.history),response.history)
状态码判断Requests还附带了一个内置的状态码查询对象主要有如下内容:100: ('continue',),101: ('switching_protocols',),102: ('processing',),103: ('checkpoint',),122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\o/', '✓'),201: ('created',),202: ('accepted',),203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),204: ('no_content',),205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),208: ('already_reported',),226: ('im_used',),Redirection.300: ('multiple_choices',),301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\o-'),302: ('found',),303: ('see_other', 'other'),304: ('not_modified',),305: ('use_proxy',),306: ('switch_proxy',),307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),308: ('permanent_redirect','resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0Client Error.400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),401: ('unauthorized',),402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),403: ('forbidden',),404: ('not_found', '-o-'),405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),406: ('not_acceptable',),407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),409: ('conflict',),410: ('gone',),411: ('length_required',),412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),413: ('request_entity_too_large',),414: ('request_uri_too_large',),415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),417: ('expectation_failed',),418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),421: ('misdirected_request',),422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),423: ('locked',),424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),444: ('no_response', 'none'),449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),499: ('client_closed_request',),Server Error.500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\', '✗'),501: ('not_implemented',),502: ('bad_gateway',),503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),504: ('gateway_timeout',),505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),507: ('insufficient_storage',),509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),510: ('not_extended',),511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication')
获取cookie
import requestsresponse = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")print(response.cookies)for key,value in response.cookies.items(): print(key+"="+value)
会话维持cookie的一个作用就是可以用于模拟登陆,做会话维持
import requestss = requests.Session()print("s", s)s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456")response = s.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies")print(response.text)
这是正确的写法,而下面的写法则是错误的
#import requests##requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456") # 此为错误方法#response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/cookies") # 此为错误方法#print(response.text)
因为这种方式是两次requests请求之间是独立的,而第一次则是通过创建一个session对象,两次请求都通过这个对象访问
证书验证现在的很多网站都是https的方式访问,所以这个时候就涉及到证书的问题
import requestsresponse = requests.get("https:/www.12306.cn")print(response.status_code)
为了避免这种情况的发生可以通过verify=False但是这样是可以访问到页面,但是会提示:InsecureRequestWarning: Unverified HTTPS request is being made. Adding certificate verification is strongly advised. See: https://urllib3.readthedocs.io/en/latest/advanced-usage.html#ssl-warnings InsecureRequestWarning)
解决方法为:
import requestsfrom requests.packages import urllib3urllib3.disable_warnings()response = requests.get("https://www.12306.cn",verify=False)print(response.status_code)print(response.content.decode("utf-8"))
这样就不会提示警告信息,当然也可以通过cert参数放入证书路径代理设置
import requestsproxies= { "http":"http://127.0.0.1:9999", # 重点:访问http用http代理,访问https用https # "https":"http://127.0.0.1:8888"}response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com",proxies=proxies)print(response.text)
如果代理需要设置账户名和密码,只需要将字典更改为如下:proxies = { "http":"http://user:password@127.0.0.1:9999"}如果你的代理是通过sokces这种方式则需要pip install "requests[socks]"proxies= { "http":"socks5://127.0.0.1:9999","https":"sockes5://127.0.0.1:8888"}
超时设置通过timeout参数可以设置超时的时间
认证设置如果碰到需要认证的网站可以通过requests.auth模块实现
import requestsfrom requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuthresponse = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=HTTPBasicAuth("user","123"))print(response.status_code)
当然这里还有一种方式
import requestsresponse = requests.get("http://120.27.34.24:9001/",auth=("user","123"))print(response.status_code)
异常处理关于reqeusts的异常在这里可以看到详细内容:http://www.python-requests.org/en/master/api/#exceptions所有的异常都是在requests.excepitons中
从源码我们可以看出RequestException继承IOError,HTTPError,ConnectionError,Timeout继承RequestionExceptionProxyError,SSLError继承ConnectionErrorReadTimeout继承Timeout异常这里列举了一些常用的异常继承关系,详细的可以看:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/_modules/requests/exceptions.html#RequestException通过下面的例子进行简单的演示
import requestsfrom requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout,ConnectionError,RequestExceptiontry: response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",timeout=0.1) print(response.status_code)except ReadTimeout: print("timeout")except ConnectionError: print("connection Error")except RequestException: print("error")